Internal and external attributions for sporting success and failure (Sports Coverage)

The variable "Internal and external attributions for sporting success failure” deals with the question which causal explanations media reporting gives or failure of athletes sports teams. It identifies journalists other stakeholders involved in events use to explain performance teams their reporting.
 
 Field application/theoretical foundation:
 reasons are often identified analysis coverage about events- example, live commentary during broadcasts match competition reports. theoretical foundation is attribution theory (e.g. Heider, 1958). Its general aim justify actions individuals (Möller, 1994). With regard competition, it situations factors can a team athlete 1994; Weiner, 1985, 1986). assumed that individuals, when explaining own failure, proceed such way self-esteem does not suffer. Therefore, they tend more by referring internal related personal characteristics as athletic mental strength, whereas failures be explained beyond control luck, bad luck refereeing (Strauss, Senkse & Tietjens, 2009). This pattern referred "self-serving bias" has already been statements actors integrated Lau Russell, 1980; Peterson, 1980). Some studies also analyze whether explanation differs depending on focus female male Duncan Messner, 1990; Eastman Billings, 1999; Möller, 1993a; Klein, 1986; Rulofs, 2003) one's nationality nationalities rated 1993ab; Möller Strauss, 1997).
 References/combination methods data collection:
 Combinations survey common previous research. However, would useful interview order compare mass responses performance.
 Example study: example category from study Rulofs (2003), who conducted quantitative content 1999 World Athletics Championships German national quality newspapers special-interest journal how presents compared athletes. Among things, analyzed were given athletes, whereby distinction was made between explanatory factors. listed here those original published codebook (Rulofs, 2003, pp. 248, 250, 268). They partially summarized authors this database contribution numerical codes slightly changed clarity. Since contain detailed individual category, we added explanations. (2003) give separate reliability scores categories analysis, but she point out overall "in entire system, degree difficulty categories, an agreement at least 80% achieved" (p. 68).
 Code Ausprägung
 10 Sportliche Fähigkeiten (internal)
 11
 Ausdauer
 12
 Kondition
 13
 Koordination
 14
 Kraft
 15
 Schnelligkeit
 16
 Technik
 17
 Verletzung/körperliche Schwäche
 20
 Psychische Fähigkeiten/Charakter 21
 Charakter/Persönlichkeit
 22
 Einstellung
 23
 Erfahrung
 24
 Intelligenz
 25
 Kampfgeist
 26
 Konzentration
 27
 Motivation
 28
 Nerven
 29
 Psyche
 30
 Risikobereitschaft
 31
 Selbstbewusstsein
 32
 Sensibilität/Einfühlungsvermögen
 33
 Siegeswillen
 34
 Taktik
 35
 Kooperation
 50
 Training/Vorbereitung 60
 Externe Faktoren (external)
 61
 Äußere Bedingungen
 62
 Partner/in
 63
 Glück
 64
 Material/Kleidung/Sportgeräte
 65
 Publikum
 66
 Schwäche des Gegners/der Gegnerin
 67
 Trainer/in
 68
 Verein/Verband
 69
 Doping
 99
 Sonstige Faktoren
 References
 Duncan, M. C., A. (1990). Gender Stereotyping televised sports. Los Angeles: Amateur Athletic Foundation.
 Eastman, S. T., C. (1999). parity Olympics. Hyping women favoring men Journal Sport Social Issues, 23(2), 140-170.
 F. (1958). Psychology Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
 (1986). Frauensport der Tagespresse. Eine Untersuchung zur sprachlichen und bildlichen Präsentation von Frauen Sportberichterstattung. Bochum: Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer.
 Lau, R. R., D. (1980). Attributions pages. Personality Psychology, 39(1), 29-38.
 J. (1993a). Attributionen Massenmedien: Zum Einfluß nationaler Gruppenzugehörigkeit, Gruppengröße Geschlecht auf spontane Ursachenzuschreibungen. Bonn: Halos Verlag.
 (1993b). Zur Ausdifferenzierung Paradigmas "Spontane Attributionen": empirische Analyse zeitlich unmittelbarer Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 24, 129-136.
 (1994). Attributionsforschung im - ein Überblick (Teil 1). Psychologie Sport: Sportpsychologie, (3), 82-93.
 J., B. (1997). Before after reunification: Changes observers' commentaries achievements natural experiment. Applied 27(1), 75-93.
 Attribution pages: An archival investigation covariation hypothesis. Quarterly, 43 (1), 136-141.
 (2003). Konstruktion Geschlechterdifferenzen Sportpresse? Berichterstattung Leichtathletik WM 1999. Butzbach-Griedel: Afra-Verlag.
 B., Senske, S., (2009). Sportkommentaren. In H. Schramm Marr (Hrsg.), Die Sozialpsychologie Sports den Medien (S. 74-92). Köln: Herbert Halem (1985). attributional achievement motivation emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548–573.
 Springer.